Abdur Rahman Khan vs Guru Angad Dev

After becoming Emir, Abdur Rahman Khan launched a campaign to subdue rebellious tribes and provincial rulers. He used a combination of military force, deportations, and executions to break the power of local chieftains, creating a centralized state for the first time in Afghan history.

Abdur Rahman Khan implemented a series of administrative reforms, including the creation of a standing army, a centralized tax system, and a postal service. He also established state monopolies on trade and introduced a system of provincial governors directly appointed by the Emir.

Abdur Rahman Khan ordered a brutal military campaign against the Hazara ethnic group in central Afghanistan, who had rebelled against his rule. The uprising was crushed with mass killings, enslavement, and displacement of Hazara populations, solidifying Pashtun dominance.

Abdur Rahman Khan signed an agreement with British Indian diplomat Sir Mortimer Durand, establishing the Durand Line as the border between Afghanistan and British India. This line divided Pashtun tribal areas and remains a source of conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Guru Nanak Dev appointed Angad as his successor, making him the second Sikh Guru. This established the tradition of guru succession and ensured the continuity of Sikh teachings after Nanak's death.

Guru Angad Dev standardized and popularized the Gurmukhi script for writing the Punjabi language. He used it to record the hymns of Guru Nanak, making Sikh scriptures accessible and preserving them in a distinct script.

Guru Angad Dev collected and compiled the hymns of Guru Nanak into a manuscript. This preserved the foundational texts of Sikhism and ensured their accurate transmission to future generations.

Guru Angad Dev set up schools (pathshalas) to teach Gurmukhi and Sikh teachings to children. This promoted literacy and education among Sikhs, strengthening the community's cultural identity.