Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah vs Carloman I

Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah became the sixth Fatimid caliph at age 11, succeeding his father al-Aziz. His early reign was dominated by regents, but he soon asserted personal control, initiating a period of controversial and often erratic rule.

Al-Hakim initiated a series of persecutions against Christians and Jews in the Fatimid Caliphate, including the destruction of churches and synagogues, forced conversions, and discriminatory laws. These actions disrupted religious communities and damaged the caliphate's reputation.

Al-Hakim ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, a major Christian pilgrimage site. This act intensified tensions between the Fatimid Caliphate and Christian Europe, contributing to the later Crusades.

Al-Hakim began to claim divine status, with supporters like al-Darazi proclaiming him as the incarnation of God. This led to the formation of the Druze faith, which views al-Hakim as a divine figure, though he himself did not formally establish the religion.

Al-Hakim disappeared during a night walk near Cairo, likely assassinated by his sister Sitt al-Mulk. His body was never found, leading to Druze beliefs in his occultation. His death ended his erratic rule and led to a period of stability under his successor.

Upon the death of their father Pepin the Short, Carloman I and his brother Charlemagne divided the Frankish kingdom. Carloman received the inner territories: Austrasia, Alemannia, Thuringia, and parts of Neustria and Aquitaine, while Charlemagne got the outer regions.

Carloman I refused to support Charlemagne's campaign to suppress a rebellion in Aquitaine led by Hunald II. This refusal strained relations between the brothers and highlighted their rivalry. Charlemagne eventually crushed the revolt alone, strengthening his position.

Carloman I died suddenly at his villa in Samoussy, possibly from natural causes. His death allowed Charlemagne to seize his territories, uniting the entire Frankish kingdom under one ruler. Carloman's wife Gerberga fled to Italy with their sons, seeking refuge with the Lombards.