Ali Pasha of Ioannina vs Muhammad VIII al-Amin

Ali Pasha was appointed as the Pasha of Ioannina in 1788, consolidating his control over a large territory in Epirus and Thessaly. He established a semi-independent state within the Ottoman Empire, ruling with a combination of diplomacy, military force, and patronage.

Ali Pasha expanded his territory through military campaigns in the 1790s, conquering parts of central Greece, including Arta and Preveza. He also subdued rival Albanian lords and extended his influence over the Peloponnese, becoming the de facto ruler of much of mainland Greece.

In 1820, Sultan Mahmud II ordered Ali Pasha's removal, accusing him of disloyalty. Ali Pasha resisted, leading to a two-year siege of Ioannina by Ottoman forces. His rebellion weakened Ottoman control in Greece and indirectly aided the Greek War of Independence, which began in 1821.

Ali Pasha was killed in 1822 during the Ottoman siege of Ioannina. He was shot after a failed negotiation, and his head was sent to Istanbul. His death ended his 34-year rule and allowed the Ottomans to reassert control over his territories, though the Greek revolt continued.

Muhammad VIII al-Amin became the Bey of Tunis in 1943, ruling under the French protectorate. His reign coincided with the rise of Tunisian nationalism and the Neo Destour party's demands for independence.

As Bey, Muhammad VIII al-Amin formally signed the agreements that ended the French protectorate and granted Tunisia independence on March 20, 1956. This made him the last monarch of an independent Tunisia.

On July 25, 1957, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy and declare a republic. Muhammad VIII al-Amin was deposed and placed under house arrest, ending the Husainid dynasty's rule.