Arnuwanda I vs Ay

Arnuwanda I negotiated a treaty with the Kaska tribes of the Pontic mountains. The treaty aimed to secure the northern border of the Hittite heartland, but proved temporary as Kaska raids resumed.

Arnuwanda I fought a prolonged war against the Arzawa states in western Anatolia. The conflict strained Hittite resources and resulted in territorial losses, weakening the empire's western frontier.

Ay ascended the throne after the death of Tutankhamun, whom he had served as vizier. As an elderly man with no direct royal lineage, his accession was unusual and likely involved political maneuvering. He married Tutankhamun's widow, Ankhesenamun, to legitimize his claim, though this marriage was brief.

Ay continued the restoration of traditional Egyptian religion begun under Tutankhamun, reversing the Amarna period's Atenist reforms. He restored temples, reinstated the priesthood of Amun, and issued decrees reaffirming the old gods. This policy helped stabilize the country after the religious upheaval of Akhenaten's reign.

Ay built his tomb (WV23) in the Western Valley of the Kings, a departure from the main valley. The tomb was decorated with scenes showing Ay as pharaoh, including his coronation and interactions with gods. It was later usurped by Horemheb, who erased Ay's name and images, reflecting the damnatio memoriae against him.

After Ay's death, his successor Horemheb systematically erased Ay's name and images from monuments, a practice known as damnatio memoriae. Horemheb claimed credit for Ay's achievements and portrayed himself as the direct successor of Tutankhamun, effectively writing Ay out of official history.