Ayilyam Thirunal vs George V of Hanover

Ayilyam Thirunal established the first English school in Travancore, the Raja's Free School (later Maharaja's College, now University College Thiruvananthapuram). This marked the beginning of modern education in the kingdom, providing Western-style education to the elite and laying the foundation for a educated middle class.

Ayilyam Thirunal patronized Malayalam literature and established the first printing press in Travancore. He supported the publication of books and newspapers in Malayalam, including the first Malayalam newspaper, 'Rajya Samacharam'. This fostered a literary renaissance and promoted vernacular education.

Ayilyam Thirunal implemented a new land revenue system, standardizing taxes and reducing the burden on peasants. He abolished many feudal levies and introduced a more efficient administration. This reform improved agricultural productivity and state revenues, though it also faced resistance from landlords.

Ayilyam Thirunal oversaw the construction of the first railway line in Travancore, connecting Thiruvananthapuram to Kollam. This railway facilitated trade and travel, boosting the economy. The project was part of his broader modernization efforts, including roads, canals, and telegraph lines.

George V sided with Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. After Prussia's victory, Hanover was annexed by Prussia, and George V was deposed and went into exile. This ended the independent Kingdom of Hanover.

After the annexation, George V refused to recognize Prussian rule and continued to claim his throne from exile. He maintained a government-in-exile and sought support from other European powers, but was unsuccessful.

George V died in Paris, still in exile. His death marked the end of the active Guelph claim to Hanover, though his son continued the dynasty. He never returned to Hanover after the annexation.