Ayilyam Thirunal vs Heonjong of Joseon

Ayilyam Thirunal established the first English school in Travancore, the Raja's Free School (later Maharaja's College, now University College Thiruvananthapuram). This marked the beginning of modern education in the kingdom, providing Western-style education to the elite and laying the foundation for a educated middle class.

Ayilyam Thirunal patronized Malayalam literature and established the first printing press in Travancore. He supported the publication of books and newspapers in Malayalam, including the first Malayalam newspaper, 'Rajya Samacharam'. This fostered a literary renaissance and promoted vernacular education.

Ayilyam Thirunal implemented a new land revenue system, standardizing taxes and reducing the burden on peasants. He abolished many feudal levies and introduced a more efficient administration. This reform improved agricultural productivity and state revenues, though it also faced resistance from landlords.

Ayilyam Thirunal oversaw the construction of the first railway line in Travancore, connecting Thiruvananthapuram to Kollam. This railway facilitated trade and travel, boosting the economy. The project was part of his broader modernization efforts, including roads, canals, and telegraph lines.

King Heonjong ascended the throne at age 7, with the Andong Kim clan continuing to dominate the court. Queen Sunwon acted as regent. The clan's corruption and factionalism weakened the state and led to widespread discontent.

As Heonjong grew older, he attempted to reduce the Andong Kim clan's power by promoting officials from other factions. However, his efforts were largely unsuccessful due to the clan's entrenched influence. He died before achieving significant change.

King Heonjong died at age 22 without a son, ending the direct line of succession. His death led to a succession crisis, with the Andong Kim clan choosing a distant relative (Cheoljong) as the next king, perpetuating in-law rule.