Christian VII of Denmark vs Mohammed V of Morocco

Christian VII, suffering from severe mental illness, appointed his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee as a minister. Struensee quickly gained influence over the king and effectively became the de facto ruler of Denmark-Norway, initiating a series of radical Enlightenment reforms.

Under Struensee's direction, a wave of reforms was enacted, including freedom of the press, abolition of torture, reform of the justice system, and reduction of noble privileges. These reforms were implemented rapidly and without consultation, alienating the nobility and conservative elements.

A conspiracy led by the queen dowager Juliana Maria and noble opponents resulted in Struensee's arrest. He was convicted of usurping royal authority and having an affair with Queen Caroline Matilda. Struensee was executed, and his reforms were largely reversed, restoring conservative rule.

After Struensee's fall, Christian VII remained king but was completely incapacitated by mental illness. A regency government was established, first under Juliana Maria and later under Crown Prince Frederick (future Frederick VI). Christian VII had no real power for the rest of his reign.

Mohammed V was deposed and exiled by French authorities to Madagascar, along with his family, for his nationalist stance and support for Moroccan independence. This act sparked widespread protests and strengthened the independence movement.

Mohammed V returned to Morocco from exile in Madagascar after negotiations with France. He was restored as Sultan, marking a major victory for the nationalist movement. His return was celebrated by massive crowds.

Mohammed V successfully negotiated the end of the French protectorate over Morocco. He proclaimed the country's independence and became its first king, uniting the nation under his leadership.

Mohammed V oversaw the drafting and promulgation of Morocco's first constitution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a parliament, though the king retained significant powers. This was a key step in modernizing the state.