Ferdinand VI of Spain vs Frederick William of Hesse

Ferdinand VI succeeded his father Philip V as king of Spain. His reign focused on domestic reform and maintaining neutrality in European conflicts, a departure from his father's aggressive foreign policy.

Ferdinand VI implemented reforms to modernize Spain's economy and administration, including tax reforms, infrastructure improvements, and the promotion of trade. His minister, the Marquis of Ensenada, led many of these initiatives.

Ferdinand VI signed the Concordat of 1753 with the Holy See, granting the Spanish crown greater control over church appointments and revenues. This strengthened royal authority over the Catholic Church in Spain.

Ferdinand VI kept Spain neutral during the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), avoiding costly military engagements. This policy allowed Spain to focus on economic recovery and administrative reforms, strengthening the state's finances.

Ferdinand VI suffered from severe depression and mental illness following the death of his wife, Barbara of Portugal. He died without an heir, leading to the succession of his half-brother Charles III.

Frederick William succeeded his father William II as the last Elector of Hesse-Kassel. He inherited a state deeply divided between conservative monarchists and liberal reformers, with tensions rising across Germany.

During the 1848 revolutions, Frederick William initially conceded to some demands, but later used Austrian and Prussian troops to suppress the uprising. He restored absolute rule, reversing all liberal reforms.

During the Austro-Prussian War, Frederick William sided with Austria. After Prussia's victory, Hesse-Kassel was annexed by Prussia. Frederick William was deposed and went into exile, ending the Hesse-Kassel monarchy.