Habibullah Khan vs Muhammad Adil Shah

Habibullah Khan introduced limited modern reforms, including the establishment of a military academy, a postal service, and a hydroelectric plant in Jalalabad. He also encouraged education and built roads, but faced resistance from conservative clergy.

Habibullah Khan signed a treaty with the British reaffirming the agreements of the previous reign, including British control over Afghan foreign policy. In return, Britain provided a subsidy and guaranteed non-interference in internal affairs.

During World War I, Habibullah Khan maintained Afghanistan's neutrality despite pressure from the Ottoman Empire and Germany to join the Central Powers. He resisted calls for jihad against the British, preserving stability but angering nationalists.

Habibullah Khan was assassinated while on a hunting trip in Laghman Province. The perpetrators were never definitively identified, but suspicions fell on anti-British factions or family rivals. His death triggered a succession crisis.

Muhammad Adil Shah signed a treaty with the Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan, accepting Mughal suzerainty and paying tribute. This agreement preserved Bijapur's internal autonomy but reduced its independence in foreign affairs.

Muhammad Adil Shah fought a series of campaigns against the rising Maratha power under Shahaji Bhonsle. The conflict drained Bijapur's resources and marked the beginning of Maratha ascendancy in the Deccan.

Muhammad Adil Shah patronized Persian poets and scholars at his court, including the poet Nusrati. His patronage contributed to the flourishing of Persian literature in the Deccan during the 17th century.

Muhammad Adil Shah completed the construction of Gol Gumbaz, the mausoleum for himself and his family. The structure features one of the largest domes in the world and is a landmark of Deccan architecture.