Henry V of Brunswick vs Qansuh al-Ghawri

Henry V inherited the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb

Henry V participated in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud, fighting against the Bishop of Hildesheim. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Quedlinburg, which reduced the bishop's territory and strengthened the position of the Brunswick dukes.

Henry V was a staunch Catholic and actively opposed the Protestant Reformation in his territories. He expelled Lutheran preachers, enforced Catholic worship, and allied with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League.

Henry V was defeated and captured by the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, led by John Frederick I of Saxony and Philip of Hesse. He was imprisoned for several years, and his duchy was occupied by Protestant forces, which introduced the Reformation there.

After the Imperial victory at M

Henry V was forced to accept the Treaty of Passau, which granted religious toleration to Lutherans. This treaty ended his ability to suppress Protestantism in his territories and marked a setback for Catholic forces in the Empire.

Qansuh al-Ghawri attempted to modernize the Mamluk army by introducing firearms and training infantry in their use. These reforms faced resistance from traditional Mamluk cavalry elites and were only partially implemented, leaving the army unprepared for the Ottoman threat.

Qansuh al-Ghawri executed the Emir of Dulkadir, a vassal state, for conspiring with the Ottoman Empire. This act alienated other Mamluk vassals and weakened the sultanate's alliances on the eve of the Ottoman invasion.

Qansuh al-Ghawri led the Mamluk army against the Ottoman forces of Selim I at Marj Dabiq near Aleppo. The Mamluks were decisively defeated due to Ottoman artillery and superior tactics. Al-Ghawri was killed during the battle, leading to the collapse of Mamluk control over Syria.