Hyeonjong of Joseon vs Milan I of Serbia

Upon Hyojong's death, a dispute arose over the mourning period for his stepmother Queen Dowager Jaui. The Westerners faction argued for a one-year period, while the Southerners argued for three years. King Hyeonjong sided with the Westerners, deepening factional divisions.

Hyeonjong supported Neo-Confucian scholars and institutions, including the publication of the 'Dongguk Tonggam' (Comprehensive Mirror of the Eastern Kingdom). This reinforced Confucian orthodoxy but also fueled ideological conflicts among factions.

After Queen Inseon's death, another ritual dispute erupted over the mourning period for King Hyojong's wife. The Southerners faction gained power by arguing for a three-year period. Hyeonjong accepted their view, leading to the Westerners' purge.

Milan Obrenovic became Prince of Serbia in June 1868 at age 14 after the assassination of his cousin Mihailo. A regency ruled until he came of age in 1872.

Milan I proclaimed Serbia a kingdom and himself as king in March 1882, elevating the principality to a kingdom. This act was recognized by the great powers and increased Serbia's international status.

Milan I declared war on Bulgaria in November 1885, but Serbian forces were defeated at the Battle of Slivnitsa. The war ended with a peace treaty mediated by Austria-Hungary, resulting in no territorial changes.

Milan I abdicated the Serbian throne in March 1889 in favor of his son Alexander. He went into exile, partly due to political pressure and personal scandals.