Injo of Joseon vs Pagan Min

General Yi Gwal, angered by his removal from command, led a rebellion that captured Hanseong (Seoul). Injo fled to Gongju. The rebellion was suppressed within weeks, but it weakened Joseon's military and exposed internal divisions.

After the Qing invasion of Joseon, King Injo surrendered to Hong Taiji at Samjeondo. He performed the three kneelings and nine prostrations, acknowledging Qing suzerainty. This ended Joseon's allegiance to the Ming dynasty and forced Joseon to become a Qing tributary state.

Crown Prince Sohyeon, who had been a hostage in Qing and returned with progressive ideas, died under suspicious circumstances. Injo ordered the execution of the prince's wife and the exile of his children, eliminating a potential rival and reformist faction.

Pagan Min became king of Burma after the death of his father, King Tharrawaddy. His reign was marked by conservative policies and resistance to British expansion.

British East India Company forces attacked Burma over trade disputes and alleged mistreatment of British merchants. Pagan Min's government refused to negotiate, leading to full-scale war.

British forces captured Rangoon, Pegu, and the entire province of Lower Burma. Pagan Min's army was defeated, and the Treaty of Pegu ceded the territory to the British Empire.

Pagan Min was deposed by his half-brother Mindon Min in a palace coup. He was allowed to live in retirement but was effectively removed from power, ending his ineffective reign.