John of Gaunt vs Toqto

After the death of Edward III, John of Gaunt acted as regent for the young Richard II. He effectively ruled England during the early years of Richard's reign, managing the kingdom's affairs.

John of Gaunt was a target of the Peasants' Revolt, with rebels burning his Savoy Palace in London. He was forced to flee to Scotland, and the revolt highlighted the social tensions in England.

John of Gaunt led a military campaign to claim the throne of Castile through his wife, Constance of Castile. The campaign was unsuccessful, and he eventually renounced his claim in the Treaty of Bayonne.

John of Gaunt opposed the Lords Appellant, a group of nobles who sought to limit Richard II's power. His influence helped prevent a civil war, but the conflict weakened the monarchy.

John of Gaunt signed the Treaty of Bayonne with John I of Castile, renouncing his claim to the Castilian throne in exchange for a large payment and the marriage of his daughter Catherine to the Castilian heir.

Toqto'a, as Grand Chancellor of the Yuan dynasty, oversaw the compilation of the official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties. This massive historiographical project standardized the records of these preceding dynasties for future generations.

Toqto'a was dismissed as Grand Chancellor and exiled to Yunnan after political rivals accused him of corruption. He was later recalled but his removal weakened the Yuan government's ability to address rebellions.