Magnus Maximus vs Zhang Han

Maximus's forces confronted Gratian near Paris. Gratian's army, largely composed of barbarian auxiliaries, deserted him. Gratian fled to Lugdunum (Lyon), where he was captured and executed on Maximus's orders. Maximus then controlled Gaul, Britain, and Spain.

Magnus Maximus, a Roman general of Spanish origin stationed in Britain, was proclaimed emperor by his troops. He crossed to Gaul with a large army, challenging the legitimate Western Emperor Gratian. This act initiated a civil war in the Western Roman Empire.

The Eastern Emperor Theodosius I, unable to immediately challenge Maximus, recognized him as co-emperor in the West. Maximus was granted control of Gaul, Britain, and Spain, while Valentinian II (Gratian's half-brother) retained Italy and Africa. This temporary peace lasted four years.

Maximus invaded Italy, forcing Valentinian II to flee to Theodosius in the East. Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus's army at the Battle of the Save (modern Sava River in Croatia). Maximus was captured at Aquileia and executed.

Zhang Han, as a Qin general, led a force of convicts and slaves to defeat the rebel army of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang at Chen County. He then pursued and killed Chen Sheng, temporarily stabilizing Qin control.

Zhang Han defeated the Chu rebel army led by Xiang Liang at Dingtao. Xiang Liang was killed in the battle. This victory temporarily reversed rebel gains and restored Qin authority in the region.

Zhang Han's army was besieged at Julu by the rebel forces of Xiang Yu. After a prolonged siege and the destruction of Qin supply lines, Zhang Han's army was defeated. He surrendered to Xiang Yu.

Zhang Han surrendered his remaining 200,000 troops to Xiang Yu at Xianyang. Despite the surrender, Xiang Yu executed Zhang Han and had his army buried alive. This ended the last major Qin military resistance.