Mai Ali Ghaji vs Toghon Temur

Mai Ali Ghaji relocated the capital of the Kanem-Bornu Empire from Kanem to Ngazargamu (Birni N'Gazargamu) in the Bornu region. This move was prompted by pressure from the Bulala invaders and established a new, more defensible center for the empire.

Mai Ali Ghaji led military campaigns to consolidate Bornu's control over the Lake Chad region. He defeated the Bulala and other rival groups, securing the new capital at Ngazargamu and establishing Bornu as the dominant power in the area.

Mai Ali Ghaji died after a reign of approximately 35 years. His death marked the end of the founding period of the Bornu Empire, leaving a stable and prosperous state that would be further developed by his successors.

Toghon Temur was enthroned as Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at age 13, following the death of his predecessor and the fall of the El Temur regency. His reign would be the last of the Yuan dynasty in China.

Toghon Temur, with support from Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, orchestrated a coup that removed the powerful chancellor Bayan from power. This restored imperial authority and reversed Bayan's anti-Chinese policies.

Widespread rebellions, known as the Red Turban Rebellion, erupted across southern China against Yuan rule. Toghon Temur's government struggled to suppress the revolts, which were fueled by famine, corruption, and ethnic tensions.

As Ming forces under Zhu Yuanzhang approached Dadu (Beijing), Toghon Temur fled north to Shangdu, the Yuan summer capital. This marked the end of Mongol rule over China proper and the beginning of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

Toghon Temur died in Yingchang, a Mongol stronghold in Inner Mongolia, two years after fleeing China. His death left the Northern Yuan dynasty in a weakened state, unable to reclaim the lost territories.