Mamai vs Tolui

Mamai sent a force under Begich to attack the Grand Principality of Moscow. Dmitry Donskoy's army defeated the Horde force on the Vozha River, marking the first major Russian victory over the Golden Horde and escalating tensions before Kulikovo.

Mamai led a large Golden Horde army against the coalition of Russian principalities under Dmitry Donskoy at Kulikovo Field. The Russian forces defeated the Horde, severely damaging Mamai's authority and prestige. Mamai fled the battlefield.

After the defeat at Kulikovo, Mamai's rival Tokhtamysh, backed by Tamerlane, challenged his rule. Mamai gathered forces but was defeated by Tokhtamysh at the Battle of the Kalka River. Mamai fled to the Genoese colony of Caffa, where he was killed.

Tolui led a major Mongol army during the invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire. He captured the cities of Merv, Nishapur, and Herat, employing brutal tactics that resulted in massive civilian casualties and the destruction of these centers.

After Genghis Khan's death, Tolui served as regent of the Mongol Empire for two years until a kurultai elected Ogedei as Great Khan. He managed the empire's affairs and maintained stability during the interregnum.

Tolui died under mysterious circumstances, possibly from alcoholism or poisoning. Some accounts claim he sacrificed himself by drinking poisoned wine to cure Ogedei's illness. His death elevated his sons, Mongke and Kublai, to prominence.