Manuel Valls vs P. W. Botha

President Fran

Valls resigned as Prime Minister to run for the Socialist Party nomination in the 2017 presidential election. He was succeeded by Bernard Cazeneuve.

Valls lost the Socialist Party primary to Beno

P.W. Botha became Prime Minister of South Africa, succeeding John Vorster. He represented the hardline wing of the National Party and pursued a policy of 'total strategy' to counter what he saw as a 'total onslaught' against apartheid by communist forces.

Botha introduced a new constitution creating a Tricameral Parliament, giving limited representation to Coloureds and Indians but excluding the black majority. This reform was rejected by anti-apartheid movements and sparked widespread protests and violence.

Botha declared a State of Emergency in response to growing anti-apartheid unrest, giving security forces sweeping powers. Thousands were detained without trial, and the military was deployed to townships. The crackdown intensified international sanctions and isolation.

In a highly anticipated speech, Botha refused to implement major reforms, including the release of Nelson Mandela. The speech dashed hopes for peaceful change, led to a collapse in the rand, and accelerated international sanctions against South Africa.

Botha resigned as State President after suffering a stroke and losing a power struggle within the National Party. He was succeeded by F.W. de Klerk, who reversed Botha's policies and began negotiations to end apartheid. Botha later refused to testify before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.