Shen Buhai vs Zhang Liang

Shen Buhai served as chancellor of the state of Han under Marquis Zhao. He implemented administrative reforms focused on bureaucratic efficiency, selection of capable officials, and strict enforcement of laws, laying the foundation for Legalist governance.

Shen Buhai wrote the Shenzi, a text outlining his political philosophy emphasizing administrative techniques (shu) for rulers. The work advocated for the ruler to maintain power through control of bureaucracy and appointment of competent ministers, influencing later Legalist thought.

Zhang Liang attempted to assassinate Qin Shi Huang at Bolangsha. He recruited a strongman to hurl a heavy iron mallet at the emperor's carriage, but it struck the decoy carriage. Zhang Liang escaped and went into hiding, gaining fame for his daring act.

Zhang Liang met Liu Bang, future founder of the Han dynasty, and became his chief strategist. He advised Liu Bang on military tactics and political alliances, helping him navigate the chaotic period after the fall of the Qin dynasty.

At the Feast at Hongmen, Zhang Liang advised Liu Bang to act submissively toward Xiang Yu, preventing an immediate attack. This diplomatic maneuver allowed Liu Bang to survive a deadly trap and later consolidate power against Xiang Yu.

Zhang Liang devised the strategy that led to the decisive Han victory at Gaixia. His plan involved surrounding Xiang Yu's forces and using psychological warfare, including songs from Chu to demoralize the enemy. Xiang Yu committed suicide, ending the Chu-Han Contention.

After the Han dynasty was established, Zhang Liang retired from active politics, claiming illness and a desire to pursue Daoist immortality practices. He refused high offices, avoiding the purges that eliminated many other founding contributors.