Vasco da Gama

Da Gama departed Lisbon with four ships, rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean. He reached Calicut, India, in May 1498, establishing the first direct sea route from Europe to Asia and opening the spice trade.

Da Gama's attempts to establish a trading post in Calicut led to conflict with the local ruler and Arab merchants. He bombarded the city and seized hostages, leaving a hostile relationship that shaped Portuguese policy in India.

Da Gama led a heavily armed fleet of 20 ships to India, aiming to enforce Portuguese dominance. He attacked Calicut, massacred pilgrims on a ship, and established a blockade, forcing several Indian states to pay tribute.

Da Gama was appointed Viceroy of Portuguese India by King John III. He traveled to Goa to assume the post, but died shortly after arrival. His appointment reflected his status as the founder of the Portuguese Asian empire.