Albert I vs Ferdinand II of Aragon

Albert I of Habsburg defeated and killed Adolf of Nassau at the Battle of G

Albert I of Habsburg was elected King of Germany after deposing Adolf of Nassau. His election was supported by the prince-electors and marked the return of Habsburg rule to the German throne.

Albert I of Habsburg was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Aachen. His coronation reaffirmed Habsburg authority in the empire, though his reign was marked by conflicts with the Papacy and the prince-electors.

Albert I of Habsburg was assassinated by his nephew John Parricida near Windisch, Switzerland. His death ended his reign and led to a period of instability, with the throne passing to Henry VII of Luxembourg.

Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile in Valladolid, uniting the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain. This marriage created the basis for the Kingdom of Spain, though both crowns remained legally separate until the death of Isabella in 1504.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I obtained papal approval to establish the Spanish Inquisition, a tribunal to enforce Catholic orthodoxy. The Inquisition targeted converted Jews (conversos) and Muslims (moriscos) suspected of secretly practicing their former religions, leading to thousands of executions and imprisonments.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I completed the Reconquista by capturing the city of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula. The surrender of the Nasrid kingdom ended nearly 800 years of Muslim rule in Spain and marked a major victory for the Catholic Monarchs.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I issued the Alhambra Decree, ordering the expulsion of all Jews from the kingdoms of Spain who refused to convert to Catholicism. The decree led to the exile of an estimated 200,000 Jews, causing a significant demographic and economic impact on Spain.