Alfonso XII of Spain vs Gwanghaegun of Joseon

Alfonso XII was proclaimed king after a military coup led by General Mart

Alfonso XII's forces defeated the Carlist rebels, ending the Third Carlist War. This victory consolidated his rule and eliminated the Carlist challenge to the Bourbon monarchy, bringing peace to Spain after years of civil conflict.

Alfonso XII oversaw the adoption of a new constitution that established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament. The constitution provided a framework for political stability and alternation between two main parties, the Conservatives and Liberals.

Alfonso XII married Maria Christina of Austria, his second wife. This marriage produced the future Alfonso XIII and helped secure the Bourbon succession, ensuring the dynasty's continuity after the king's early death.

Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis at the age of 27, leaving his pregnant wife as regent. His death created a succession crisis, but his posthumous son Alfonso XIII was born later that year, ensuring the continuation of the Bourbon monarchy.

Gwanghaegun became king of Joseon following the death of his father, Seonjo. His reign was marked by pragmatic diplomacy and efforts to rebuild the country after the Imjin War.

Gwanghaegun pursued a policy of neutrality between Ming China and the rising Later Jin (Manchu) dynasty. He refused to send troops to aid Ming against the Manchus, prioritizing Joseon's security.

Gwanghaegun was overthrown in a coup led by the Westerner (Seoin) faction, who opposed his diplomatic policies and accused him of tyranny. He was deposed and exiled to Jeju Island.

After his deposition, Gwanghaegun was exiled to Jeju Island, where he lived under house arrest until his death in 1641. His exile marked the end of his pragmatic but controversial reign.