Amadou II of Macina vs Charles IV of Hungary

Amadou II succeeded his father Sekou Amadou as ruler of the Macina Empire. He inherited a stable theocratic state but faced growing external threats from the expanding Toucouleur Empire under Umar Tall.

Umar Tall's Toucouleur forces besieged and captured the Macina capital of Hamdullahi. Amadou II was killed during the battle, and the Macina Empire was annexed into the Toucouleur Empire, ending its independence.

Charles IV was crowned King of Hungary in Budapest, succeeding his great-uncle Franz Joseph I. His coronation took place during World War I, and he inherited a monarchy strained by war and nationalist tensions. He was the last Habsburg to be crowned King of Hungary.

Charles IV secretly attempted to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies through his brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma. The Sixtus Affair failed when the negotiations were revealed, angering Germany and weakening Austria-Hungary's position.

Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, Charles IV issued a proclamation renouncing participation in state affairs but did not formally abdicate. He went into exile in Switzerland, and the Austrian Republic was proclaimed.

Charles IV made two attempts to regain the Hungarian throne, traveling to Hungary in March and October 1921. Both attempts failed due to opposition from the Entente powers and the Hungarian regent Miklos Horthy. After the second attempt, he was exiled to Madeira.