Cao Shuang vs Pharnabazus II

Cao Shuang was appointed co-regent alongside Sima Yi for the young Emperor Cao Fang. He quickly marginalized Sima Yi, concentrating power in his own hands. His faction promoted Confucian reforms and centralized authority, but alienated many officials.

Sima Yi launched a coup while Cao Shuang accompanied Emperor Cao Fang to the Gaoping Tombs. Sima Yi seized control of Luoyang, accusing Cao Shuang of usurping power. Cao Shuang surrendered in exchange for promises of safety, but was later executed.

After surrendering, Cao Shuang and his entire faction were executed by Sima Yi on charges of treason. This purge eliminated the Cao family's political influence and solidified Sima Yi's control over Wei, paving the way for the Sima clan's eventual usurpation.

Pharnabazus II succeeded his father as satrap of Dascylium (Hellespontine Phrygia). He governed this strategic region during the Peloponnesian War, using its resources to influence Greek affairs.

Pharnabazus II allied with Sparta during the Peloponnesian War, providing financial and naval support to the Spartans against Athens. This alliance helped Sparta build a fleet that challenged Athenian naval dominance.

Pharnabazus II fought against Athenian forces in the Hellespont region, including the Battle of Cyzicus in 410 BC where the Athenian fleet defeated the Spartan-Persian fleet. This setback weakened Persian influence temporarily.

After the Peloponnesian War, Pharnabazus II shifted Persian policy, supporting Athens against Sparta to prevent Spartan hegemony. He provided funds to the Athenian general Conon, helping rebuild the Athenian fleet.