Chandra Shekhar vs D. F. Malan

Chandra Shekhar was arrested and imprisoned during the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi. He was held for several months as a political prisoner, becoming a symbol of opposition to authoritarian rule.

Chandra Shekhar was elected to the Lok Sabha from Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, as a member of the Janata Party. This election followed the end of the Emergency and the defeat of Indira Gandhi's Congress.

Chandra Shekhar became the 8th Prime Minister of India, leading a minority government supported by the Congress party. His tenure lasted only seven months, from November 1990 to June 1991, amid political instability.

Chandra Shekhar broke away from the Janata Dal to form the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya). This split occurred after he was expelled from the Janata Dal for challenging the leadership of V.P. Singh.

Chandra Shekhar resigned as Prime Minister after the Congress party withdrew its support. His government fell during a period of economic crisis and the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, leading to fresh elections.

Malan led the National Party to victory in the 1948 general election, defeating Jan Smuts' United Party. He became Prime Minister and began implementing the apartheid system, which institutionalized racial segregation and white supremacy.

Malan's government passed the Population Registration Act, which required all South Africans to be classified by race: White, Black, or Coloured (later including Indian/Asian). This classification determined every aspect of a person's life under apartheid.

Malan's government passed the Group Areas Act, which designated separate residential and business areas for different racial groups. This led to forced removals of non-whites from areas designated for whites, destroying communities.

Malan's government passed the Suppression of Communism Act, which broadly defined communism and allowed the government to ban any organization or individual deemed communist. It was used to silence anti-apartheid activists and organizations.

Malan retired as Prime Minister and was succeeded by J.G. Strijdom. His tenure had established the legal and administrative framework of apartheid, which would be further entrenched by his successors.