D. F. Malan vs Manmohan Singh

Malan led the National Party to victory in the 1948 general election, defeating Jan Smuts' United Party. He became Prime Minister and began implementing the apartheid system, which institutionalized racial segregation and white supremacy.

Malan's government passed the Population Registration Act, which required all South Africans to be classified by race: White, Black, or Coloured (later including Indian/Asian). This classification determined every aspect of a person's life under apartheid.

Malan's government passed the Group Areas Act, which designated separate residential and business areas for different racial groups. This led to forced removals of non-whites from areas designated for whites, destroying communities.

Malan's government passed the Suppression of Communism Act, which broadly defined communism and allowed the government to ban any organization or individual deemed communist. It was used to silence anti-apartheid activists and organizations.

Malan retired as Prime Minister and was succeeded by J.G. Strijdom. His tenure had established the legal and administrative framework of apartheid, which would be further entrenched by his successors.

Manmohan Singh became the 13th Prime Minister of India, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) coalition. He was the first Sikh to hold the office and served two full terms until 2014.

During Singh's tenure, India experienced an average GDP growth rate of over 8% per year, lifting millions out of poverty. The growth was driven by economic reforms initiated in the 1990s and global demand.

Singh's government enacted NREGA, guaranteeing 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households. The program became one of India's largest social welfare schemes, reducing rural poverty but facing implementation challenges.

Singh's government finalized the US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, ending India's nuclear isolation and allowing civilian nuclear trade. The deal faced political opposition but was passed after a confidence vote.

Singh's government was embroiled in the 2G spectrum allocation scandal, with allegations of underpricing leading to revenue loss. The Supreme Court later cancelled 122 licenses, and the scandal damaged the government's reputation.