Chester A. Arthur vs Saad Zaghloul

Arthur became the 21st president upon Garfield's death. His ascension was marked by a desire to distance himself from the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, which had supported him as vice president.

Arthur vetoed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which would have banned Chinese immigration for 20 years. He argued it violated the Burlingame Treaty. Congress later passed a revised version with a 10-year ban, which Arthur signed.

Arthur signed the Pendleton Act into law, establishing a merit-based system for federal employment. The act created the Civil Service Commission and required competitive exams for many government positions, reducing the influence of patronage and political machines.

Zaghloul and other Egyptian nationalists formed the Wafd Party to represent Egyptian interests at the Paris Peace Conference. The party became the dominant political force in Egypt, advocating for independence and constitutional government.

Saad Zaghloul led a delegation (Wafd) to demand Egyptian independence from British rule. After his exile to Malta, mass protests and civil disobedience erupted across Egypt, forcing Britain to reconsider its occupation.

British authorities arrested Zaghloul and three colleagues and exiled them to Malta. This act triggered the 1919 revolution, with widespread strikes, protests, and violence across Egypt, forcing Britain to release them.

Zaghloul became Egypt's first popularly elected prime minister under the 1923 constitution. His government focused on negotiating with Britain for full independence, but he resigned in November 1924 after the assassination of Sir Lee Stack.