Christian VII of Denmark vs Yohannes IV

Christian VII, suffering from severe mental illness, appointed his personal physician Johann Friedrich Struensee as a minister. Struensee quickly gained influence over the king and effectively became the de facto ruler of Denmark-Norway, initiating a series of radical Enlightenment reforms.

Under Struensee's direction, a wave of reforms was enacted, including freedom of the press, abolition of torture, reform of the justice system, and reduction of noble privileges. These reforms were implemented rapidly and without consultation, alienating the nobility and conservative elements.

A conspiracy led by the queen dowager Juliana Maria and noble opponents resulted in Struensee's arrest. He was convicted of usurping royal authority and having an affair with Queen Caroline Matilda. Struensee was executed, and his reforms were largely reversed, restoring conservative rule.

After Struensee's fall, Christian VII remained king but was completely incapacitated by mental illness. A regency government was established, first under Juliana Maria and later under Crown Prince Frederick (future Frederick VI). Christian VII had no real power for the rest of his reign.

Emperor Yohannes IV's forces decisively defeated an Egyptian invasion army at the Battle of Gundet. This victory secured Ethiopia's northern borders and established Yohannes as a major power in the Horn of Africa.

Emperor Yohannes IV signed the Treaty of Adwa with the British, which recognized Ethiopian sovereignty over parts of the Eritrean highlands. The treaty also allowed the British to evacuate their garrisons from Sudan through Ethiopian territory.

Emperor Yohannes IV led his army against the Mahdist forces of Sudan at the Battle of Metemma. He was killed in action during the battle, marking the end of his reign and leading to a succession crisis.