Cleopatra II of Egypt vs Tudhaliya II

Cleopatra II married her brother Ptolemy VI Philometor, becoming queen consort of Ptolemaic Egypt. This marriage was part of the Ptolemaic tradition of sibling marriage to consolidate power.

Cleopatra II led a popular rebellion in Alexandria against her brother-husband Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who had murdered her son Ptolemy VII. The revolt forced Ptolemy VIII to flee to Cyprus, and Cleopatra II ruled Egypt alone for several years.

After years of civil war, Cleopatra II reconciled with Ptolemy VIII Physcon, agreeing to a joint rule with him and her daughter Cleopatra III. This ended the conflict but left her with diminished power.

Cleopatra II died in 116 BC, having outlived both Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII. Her rebellion and subsequent reconciliation shaped the turbulent politics of Ptolemaic Egypt in the 2nd century BC.

The Kaska tribes from the Pontic mountains invaded the Hittite heartland and sacked the capital Hattusa. Tudhaliya II was forced to abandon the city and relocate the court to Samuha, marking a low point for the Hittite state.

Tudhaliya II led a military campaign to recapture Hattusa from the Kaska. He succeeded in retaking the capital and restoring Hittite control over the central Anatolian plateau, though the empire remained weakened.

The Arzawa states in western Anatolia, under King Tarhuntaradu, launched attacks on Hittite territory. Tudhaliya II was unable to mount an effective counter-campaign, and Arzawa expanded its influence at Hittite expense.