Dmitar Zvonimir vs James IV of Scotland

Dmitar Zvonimir was crowned King of Croatia by a papal legate in Split. His coronation was a symbol of the close alliance between the Croatian kingdom and the Papacy.

Zvonimir swore an oath of fealty to Pope Gregory VII, making Croatia a vassal state of the Papacy. He promised to support papal policies and pay an annual tribute.

Zvonimir died without a direct heir, leading to a succession crisis. His death marked the end of the Trpimirovic dynasty's effective rule and paved the way for the eventual union of Croatia with Hungary.

James IV issued a papal bull to found the University of Aberdeen, Scotland's third university. The university was established to promote education and learning in the north of Scotland, reflecting James's interest in Renaissance humanism.

James IV supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, by invading northern England. The invasion failed, and James later abandoned Warbeck, but the episode strained relations with England.

James IV married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England, under the Treaty of Perpetual Peace. The marriage united the Scottish and English royal houses and later gave James VI a claim to the English throne.

James IV commissioned the construction of the Great Michael, the largest warship in Europe at the time. The ship was built at Newhaven and cost a fortune, but it was sold to France after Flodden and never saw significant action.

James IV led a Scottish invasion of England but was defeated at the Battle of Flodden Field near Branxton, Northumberland. James IV was killed along with many Scottish nobles, making it one of Scotland's worst military defeats.