Edward I Longshanks vs Tokhta

Edward I launched a full-scale conquest of Wales, defeating Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. He built castles and imposed English rule, incorporating Wales into the English crown.

Edward I issued the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the English crown and introduced English common law. This formalized the conquest and established English administration in Wales.

Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, which included representatives from the commons, clergy, and nobility. This assembly set a precedent for parliamentary representation and taxation consent.

Edward I invaded Scotland after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, claiming overlordship. He defeated the Scots at Dunbar, captured the Stone of Scone, and attempted to impose English rule, sparking a long war.

Edward I defeated William Wallace's Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk. Using longbowmen and cavalry, he broke the Scottish schiltron formations, crushing the rebellion temporarily.

Tokhta reasserted the authority of the central khan over the Golden Horde, suppressing rebellious emirs and consolidating power. He reorganized the administration and restored the capital at Sarai, ending a period of fragmentation.

Tokhta led a military campaign against the Nogai Horde, a breakaway faction that had challenged his authority. The campaign culminated in the defeat and death of Nogai, the leader of the Horde, restoring Tokhta's control over the western territories of the Golden Horde.

Tokhta ordered the expulsion of Genoese merchants from the Crimean port of Caffa, leading to a military conflict. The Genoese were defeated, and their trading privileges were revoked, strengthening the Golden Horde's control over the Black Sea trade.