Hans-Adam II vs Humayun

Hans-Adam II became Prince of Liechtenstein upon the death of his father, Franz Joseph II. He inherited a constitutional monarchy with significant powers, which he would later seek to expand through constitutional reforms.

Under Hans-Adam II's reign, Liechtenstein became a member of the United Nations, ending its long-standing policy of neutrality in international organizations. This move increased the principality's global diplomatic engagement.

Hans-Adam II threatened to relocate the princely family to Vienna if the government did not grant him more powers. This ultimatum led to negotiations that eventually resulted in the 2003 constitutional reforms, highlighting tensions between the prince and the elected government.

Hans-Adam II oversaw Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area, integrating the principality into the EU's single market while maintaining its customs union with Switzerland. This decision boosted the economy but required compromises on sovereignty.

Hans-Adam II pushed through a constitutional referendum that granted the prince sweeping powers, including the ability to veto legislation, dismiss the government, and appoint judges. The reform passed with 64% voter approval, centralizing authority in the monarchy.

Humayun's army was defeated by the Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri at Chausa in Bihar. Humayun barely escaped with his life, reportedly crossing the Ganges River on a water skin. This defeat led to the loss of Mughal control over Bengal and Bihar, weakening Humayun's position.

Humayun was decisively defeated by Sher Shah Suri at Kannauj (also known as the Battle of Bilgram). This defeat forced Humayun to flee India entirely, seeking refuge in Persia. Sher Shah Suri established the Sur Empire, which ruled northern India for the next 15 years.

Humayun, with military support from the Safavid Shah Tahmasp I, recaptured Delhi and Agra from the Sur Empire. He defeated the Sur forces at the Battle of Sirhind. This victory restored the Mughal Empire in India, though Humayun died shortly after, leaving the empire to his son Akbar.

Humayun died after falling down the stairs of his library in Delhi. He was reportedly carrying a load of books when he heard the call to prayer and slipped. His death occurred just months after restoring the Mughal Empire, leaving his 13-year-old son Akbar as his successor.