Ismail I vs Richard of Cornwall

Ismail I proclaimed himself Shah of Iran at Tabriz, founding the Safavid dynasty. He declared Twelver Shia Islam the state religion, a move that distinguished Iran from its Sunni neighbors and shaped its religious identity.

Ismail I captured Baghdad from the Aq Qoyunlu confederation. This conquest extended Safavid control over Mesopotamia and secured the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala, important Shia pilgrimage sites.

Ismail I's army was defeated by the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim I at Chaldiran. The Ottomans used superior artillery and gunpowder tactics, forcing Ismail to retreat and ending his expansion into Anatolia.

Richard of Cornwall was elected King of Germany by a faction of prince-electors, opposing Alfonso X of Castile. This election was part of the Great Interregnum, with Richard receiving support from the English crown and the Papacy.

Richard of Cornwall was crowned King of Germany in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne. His coronation was contested by Alfonso X, and Richard's authority was largely confined to the Rhineland and parts of southern Germany.

Richard of Cornwall returned to England after spending several years in Germany. His departure weakened his influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and he never returned, leaving the German throne contested until the end of the Great Interregnum.

Richard of Cornwall died at Berkhamsted Castle in England. His death ended his claim to the German throne, and he was succeeded by Rudolf of Habsburg, who ended the Great Interregnum.