Juba I vs Lars Tolumnius

Juba I allied with Pompey and the Optimates against Julius Caesar at the outbreak of the Roman Civil War. He provided cavalry and supplies to Pompey's forces in North Africa, hoping to expand Numidian territory at Rome's expense.

Juba I fought alongside the Pompeian forces at the Battle of Thapsus in North Africa. Caesar's forces decisively defeated the Pompeian army, and Juba's Numidian troops were routed, leading to the collapse of his kingdom.

After the defeat at Thapsus, Juba I committed suicide rather than be captured by Caesar. He died in a suicide pact with the Roman general Marcus Petreius at his Numidian palace, ending the independent Kingdom of Numidia.

Lars Tolumnius ordered the execution of four Roman envoys sent to Veii to demand restitution for an attack on Roman territory. This act violated diplomatic immunity and led to a declaration of war by Rome against Veii, escalating tensions between the two cities.

Lars Tolumnius formed an alliance with the Latin city of Fidenae, which had revolted against Roman control. This alliance strengthened Veii's position and threatened Roman dominance in the region, leading to a prolonged conflict between Rome and the Etruscan-Latin coalition.

Lars Tolumnius led the Veientine army against Rome at the Battle of Fidenae. During the battle, he was killed in single combat by the Roman military tribune Aulus Cornelius Cossus, who dedicated the spolia opima from Tolumnius's armor to Jupiter Feretrius.