Lykurgos of Sparta vs Zhang Zhao

Lykurgos established the Great Rhetra, a foundational constitution for Sparta. It created the dual kingship, the Gerousia (council of elders), and the Apella (assembly), forming the basis of the Spartan mixed government.

Lykurgos is credited with creating the agoge, the rigorous state-sponsored education and training system for Spartan boys. This system emphasized discipline, military prowess, and loyalty to the state, defining Spartan society for centuries.

Lykurgos replaced gold and silver currency with heavy iron bars to discourage trade and luxury. He also instituted common messes (syssitia), requiring all male citizens to dine together, fostering equality and military bonding.

Zhang Zhao, as a senior Wu official, advised Sun Quan against forming an alliance with Liu Bei and attacking Cao Cao at Red Cliffs. He argued that surrender was more prudent given Cao Cao's overwhelming strength. Sun Quan rejected this advice, leading to the Wu-Shu victory at Red Cliffs.

Zhang Zhao wrote several memorials to Sun Quan advocating for frugality, rule of law, and the importance of Confucian scholarship. These writings influenced Wu's early administrative policies and reflected his conservative, scholarly approach to governance.

Zhang Zhao was appointed Chief Minister (Chengxiang) of Eastern Wu after Sun Quan declared himself emperor. He held this position for several years, overseeing civil administration and advising on state policy, though his influence waned due to his earlier stance at Red Cliffs.