Muhammad Adil Shah vs Sultan Husayn

Muhammad Adil Shah signed a treaty with the Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan, accepting Mughal suzerainty and paying tribute. This agreement preserved Bijapur's internal autonomy but reduced its independence in foreign affairs.

Muhammad Adil Shah fought a series of campaigns against the rising Maratha power under Shahaji Bhonsle. The conflict drained Bijapur's resources and marked the beginning of Maratha ascendancy in the Deccan.

Muhammad Adil Shah patronized Persian poets and scholars at his court, including the poet Nusrati. His patronage contributed to the flourishing of Persian literature in the Deccan during the 17th century.

Muhammad Adil Shah completed the construction of Gol Gumbaz, the mausoleum for himself and his family. The structure features one of the largest domes in the world and is a landmark of Deccan architecture.

Afghan forces under Mahmud Hotak besieged Isfahan, the Safavid capital, for seven months. Sultan Husayn surrendered after the city faced severe famine and disease, marking the end of effective Safavid rule. The Afghans captured the city and executed many Safavid officials.

After the fall of Isfahan, Sultan Husayn abdicated the Safavid throne in favor of Mahmud Hotak, the Afghan leader. This abdication formally ended the Safavid dynasty's rule over Persia, though later Safavid claimants continued resistance.

Sultan Husayn was executed by the Afghan ruler Ashraf Hotak after being accused of plotting rebellion. His death eliminated the last Safavid shah and further destabilized Persia, leading to continued conflict between Afghan, Ottoman, and Russian forces.