Probus vs Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Probus led a campaign to reclaim Gaul from the Gallic Empire, which had seceded under Postumus. He defeated the Gallic usurpers Tetricus I and Tetricus II at the Battle of Ch

Probus campaigned against the Franks and Alemanni along the Rhine frontier. He defeated them in several battles and forced them to sue for peace. He then strengthened the frontier defenses and resettled captured tribes within the empire.

Probus undertook a major program to restore the Rhine frontier defenses. He rebuilt forts, repaired roads, and constructed a new defensive line. He also encouraged viticulture in Gaul by allowing the planting of vineyards, boosting the local economy.

Probus was assassinated by his own soldiers at Sirmium after a mutiny. The troops were angered by his strict discipline and his use of them for public works projects. His death paved the way for Carus to become emperor.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz became the eighth Umayyad caliph after the death of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. His reign, though short, was marked by significant reforms and a departure from the policies of his predecessors.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ordered the withdrawal of Umayyad forces from the prolonged and unsuccessful siege of Constantinople. This decision ended a costly military campaign and shifted focus to internal consolidation and reform.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz implemented sweeping tax reforms, abolishing the jizya (poll tax) for non-Muslims who converted to Islam and ensuring equal treatment of all subjects. He also ordered the return of confiscated lands and property to their rightful owners.