Abu Jafar al-Mansur vs Tokhta

Al-Mansur eliminated rivals including his uncle Abd Allah ibn Ali and the Barmakids, securing Abbasid control. He established a centralized bureaucracy and suppressed rebellions, including the Rawandiyya uprising.

Abu Jafar al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad as the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Round City was designed as a center of administration and culture, becoming one of the largest cities in the world.

Al-Mansur supported the translation of Greek philosophical and scientific texts into Arabic. This initiative laid the foundation for the Abbasid translation movement, which preserved and expanded classical knowledge.

Tokhta reasserted the authority of the central khan over the Golden Horde, suppressing rebellious emirs and consolidating power. He reorganized the administration and restored the capital at Sarai, ending a period of fragmentation.

Tokhta led a military campaign against the Nogai Horde, a breakaway faction that had challenged his authority. The campaign culminated in the defeat and death of Nogai, the leader of the Horde, restoring Tokhta's control over the western territories of the Golden Horde.

Tokhta ordered the expulsion of Genoese merchants from the Crimean port of Caffa, leading to a military conflict. The Genoese were defeated, and their trading privileges were revoked, strengthening the Golden Horde's control over the Black Sea trade.