Al-Ashraf Khalil vs Tizoc

Al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded his father Qalawun as Sultan of Egypt. He was the second ruler of the Qalawunid dynasty. His accession was contested by some Mamluk factions, but he quickly consolidated power.

Al-Ashraf Khalil led the Mamluk siege of Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold in the Levant. After a six-week siege, the city fell on May 18, 1291. The capture of Acre ended the Crusader presence in the Holy Land.

Following the fall of Acre, Al-Ashraf Khalil's forces captured the remaining Crusader coastal cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut without significant resistance. These conquests completed the Mamluk reconquest of the Levant and eliminated all Crusader footholds.

Al-Ashraf Khalil was assassinated by a group of Mamluk emirs while hunting near Cairo. His death was likely due to internal power struggles. He was succeeded by his young brother An-Nasir Muhammad, beginning a period of instability.

Tizoc succeeded his brother Axayacatl as the seventh tlatoani of Tenochtitlan. His coronation was marked by a limited military campaign to capture victims for sacrifice, but the campaign yielded few prisoners, signaling weakness.

Tizoc launched a military campaign against the Matlatzinca people of the Toluca Valley. The campaign resulted in few captives and was considered a failure, damaging Tizoc's reputation and the Aztec military's prestige.

Tizoc commissioned the carving of a large stone monument, known as the Stone of Tizoc, depicting his military victories and those of his predecessors. The stone, now in the National Museum of Anthropology, served as a propaganda tool to bolster his image.

Tizoc died under suspicious circumstances, possibly poisoned by his own nobles or by his successor Ahuitzotl. His death ended a short and ineffective reign, and he was succeeded by his brother Ahuitzotl, who restored Aztec military dominance.