Alfonso XIII of Spain vs Jahangir

Alfonso XIII was born posthumously, becoming king from birth. His mother Maria Christina served as regent until he came of age. His birth ensured the Bourbon succession after the death of his father Alfonso XII.

Spain lost the Spanish-American War, resulting in the loss of its last major colonies: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Although Alfonso XIII was a child at the time, the disaster profoundly shaped his reign and Spanish politics.

Alfonso XIII assumed full royal powers at the age of 16, ending the regency of his mother. He began to actively intervene in politics, which contributed to political instability and the eventual crisis of the Restoration system.

Alfonso XIII supported General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup, which established a military dictatorship. The king's endorsement of the dictatorship undermined the constitutional system and alienated many political factions, contributing to the monarchy's unpopularity.

After the Republican victory in municipal elections, Alfonso XIII abdicated and went into exile. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, ending the Bourbon monarchy. His departure marked the end of the Restoration era and led to a period of political upheaval.

Jahangir ordered the execution of Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh guru, for supporting the rebellion of his son Khusrau. Guru Arjan Dev was tortured and died in Mughal custody. This event marked a turning point in Sikh-Mughal relations, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community.

Jahangir's eldest son, Prince Khusrau, rebelled against his father shortly after Jahangir's accession. Khusrau gathered an army and marched on Lahore. Jahangir's forces defeated the rebellion, and Khusrau was captured. He was later blinded and imprisoned, dying in 1622.

Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nissa, who was given the title Nur Jahan. She became his most influential wife and effectively co-ruled the empire. Nur Jahan controlled court appointments, issued decrees, and managed the empire's finances. Her influence marked a period of significant female political power in the Mughal court.

Jahangir granted the English East India Company permission to establish a trading post at Surat. This was the first formal English foothold in India. The company later expanded its influence, eventually becoming the dominant colonial power in the subcontinent.