Babrak Karmal vs Jules Ferry

Babrak Karmal was installed as President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union in December 1979, following the Soviet invasion. He led the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan during the early years of the Soviet-Afghan War, implementing unpopular reforms and relying on Soviet military support.

Karmal was replaced as General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party by Mohammad Najibullah in May 1986, under Soviet pressure. He was effectively sidelined, though he remained in Afghanistan until his death. This marked the end of his direct political influence.

Babrak Karmal died in Moscow in 1996, reportedly from liver cancer. He had been living in exile in the Soviet Union since his removal from power. His death went largely unnoticed in Afghanistan, where the civil war was raging.

Jules Ferry served as Minister of Public Instruction, where he championed secular, free, and compulsory primary education. His laws laid the foundation for the French public school system.

Ferry became Prime Minister. His government continued educational reforms and pursued colonial expansion in Tunisia and Indochina.

Ferry enacted laws making primary education free (1881) and compulsory and secular (1882). These laws removed religious instruction from public schools and established state control over education.

Ferry served a second term as Prime Minister. He oversaw the Tonkin campaign in Indochina, which led to French control over northern Vietnam.

Ferry's government signed the Treaty of Hu

Ferry's government fell after the French retreat from L