Carinus vs Lars Porsena

Carinus was proclaimed co-emperor with his brother Numerian after the death of their father Carus. Carinus ruled the Western provinces from Rome while Numerian governed the East. His reign was marked by alleged cruelty and debauchery, contributing to his unpopularity with the army.

Carinus defeated the usurper Marcus Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed himself emperor in Pannonia after Numerian's death. The victory secured Carinus's control over the Western provinces and eliminated a rival before his confrontation with Diocletian.

Carinus led his army against the forces of Diocletian at the Battle of the Margus River in Moesia. Despite initial success, Carinus was killed by his own officers during the battle, possibly due to his unpopularity. His death ended the line of emperors from the Crisis of the Third Century.

Lars Porsena led an Etruscan army to besiege Rome in an attempt to restore the exiled king Tarquinius Superbus. The siege was marked by legendary acts of Roman heroism, such as Horatius Cocles defending the bridge, but Porsena eventually lifted the siege after negotiations.

Lars Porsena made peace with the Roman Republic, agreeing to withdraw his forces in exchange for hostages and territory. The treaty ended the siege and recognized the Republic's independence, though Porsena failed to restore Tarquinius to the throne.

According to some accounts, Lars Porsena, impressed by Roman bravery, presented the Romans with his royal insignia, including the ivory chair and the fasces. These symbols were adopted by Roman magistrates and became enduring emblems of Roman authority.

Lars Porsena waged war against the Latin League, seeking to expand Etruscan influence. He defeated the Latins at the Battle of Aricia but was subsequently defeated by a coalition of Latin and Greek forces, ending his expansionist ambitions.