Charles II of Spain vs Sultan Hasanuddin

Charles II was born with numerous health problems due to Habsburg inbreeding, including a deformed jaw, epilepsy, and intellectual disabilities. He was unable to walk until age eight and was considered unfit to rule, leading to a regency throughout his life.

Charles II inherited the Spanish throne at age four upon the death of his father Philip IV. His reign was marked by severe physical and mental disabilities due to generations of inbreeding, leading to a regency government.

Charles II's government signed the Treaty of Ryswick, ending the Nine Years' War with France. Spain ceded territories in the Caribbean and Europe to France, but the treaty temporarily stabilized relations before the succession crisis.

Charles II died without an heir, leaving his throne to Philip of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV) in his will. This sparked the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) as European powers contested the Bourbon succession to the Spanish throne.

Sultan Hasanuddin expanded Gowa's influence across eastern Indonesia through strategic alliances and naval power. He controlled key spice trade routes, making Makassar a major commercial hub that challenged Dutch monopolies in the region.

Sultan Hasanuddin led the Gowa-Tallo kingdom in a protracted war against the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and its local allies. Despite fierce resistance, Makassar fell in 1669, leading to the Bongaya Treaty which severely curtailed Gowa's sovereignty and trade.

After military defeats, Sultan Hasanuddin signed the Bongaya Treaty with the VOC. The treaty forced Gowa to recognize VOC monopolies, cede territories, and dismantle fortifications, effectively ending Makassar's independence and opening the region to Dutch control.