Frederick VII of Denmark vs Vasili IV of Russia

Frederick VII faced a rebellion in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, supported by Prussia. The war ended in 1851 with the London Protocol, which confirmed Danish sovereignty over Schleswig-Holstein but required Denmark not to integrate Schleswig into the kingdom.

Frederick VII signed the Danish Constitution on June 5, 1849, transforming Denmark from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. The constitution established a bicameral parliament (Rigsdag) and granted civil rights to citizens, ending royal absolutism.

Frederick VII agreed to the abolition of the

Frederick VII signed the November Constitution, which incorporated Schleswig into Denmark in violation of the London Protocol. This act provoked the Second Schleswig War with Prussia and Austria, leading to Danish defeat and loss of the duchies.

Vasili IV was elected Tsar by a hastily assembled Zemsky Sobor after the overthrow and murder of False Dmitry I. His election ended the brief reign of the first pretender but failed to stabilize Russia, as the country descended into the Time of Troubles.

Vasili IV's forces, led by Prince Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, defeated the rebel army of Ivan Bolotnikov near Moscow. The rebellion, which combined Cossacks, peasants, and nobles, threatened the capital but was crushed, though it weakened the tsar's authority.

Vasili IV signed the Treaty of Vyborg, ceding the fortress of Korela to Sweden in exchange for military aid against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and False Dmitry II. The treaty brought Swedish intervention into the Time of Troubles but failed to secure his throne.

Vasili IV was deposed by a coalition of boyars and forced to become a monk, ending his reign. He was later handed over to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and died in captivity in 1612, the last Rurikid tsar to rule Russia.