Jeongjo of Joseon vs Rudolf Duala Manga Bell

Jeongjo founded the Kyujanggak library to house royal documents and promote scholarship. He appointed talented scholars regardless of faction, fostering intellectual growth. The library became a center for Silhak (Practical Learning) and reformist ideas.

Jeongjo implemented the 'Sagyek' system to improve tax collection and reduce corruption. He also reformed the land tax and military service system, easing burdens on peasants. These reforms strengthened the state but faced resistance from entrenched interests.

King Jeongjo built Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon to honor his father Crown Prince Sado and to establish a new administrative center. The fortress incorporated advanced Western and Eastern military architecture. It was completed in 1796 and is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

King Jeongjo died suddenly at age 48, possibly from illness or poisoning. His death was suspicious, as he was in good health. It led to a purge of his reformist supporters by the Andong Kim clan, ending his progressive policies.

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell led a delegation of Duala chiefs to petition the German colonial government against the expropriation of Duala lands for European plantations. The petition was rejected, escalating tensions between the Duala and German authorities.

German colonial authorities arrested Rudolf Duala Manga Bell on charges of high treason for allegedly conspiring with the British during World War I. He was executed by hanging in Douala, becoming a symbol of anti-colonial resistance in Cameroon.