Kharavela of Kalinga vs Tigranes the Great

Kharavela led a military campaign against Magadha, defeating the king and forcing him to pay tribute. He brought back treasures and statues of Jain Tirthankaras that had been taken by the Nandas, restoring them to Kalinga.

Kharavela led a military expedition to the Pandya kingdom in southern India. He defeated the Pandya king and extracted tribute, extending Kalinga's influence into the Tamil region for the first time.

Kharavela patronized the excavation of the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves near Bhubaneswar. These caves served as Jain monastic retreats and feature inscriptions detailing his reign, including the famous Hathigumpha inscription.

Kharavela commissioned the Hathigumpha inscription in the Udayagiri caves. This 17-line inscription in Prakrit details his life, military campaigns, and public works, providing the primary historical source for his reign.

Tigranes conquered the remnants of the Seleucid Empire in Syria and Cilicia, extending his rule to the Mediterranean coast. He assumed the title 'King of Kings' and ruled an empire stretching from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean.

Tigranes the Great founded the city of Tigranocerta as his new capital, located in northern Mesopotamia. The city was built with a mixed population of deportees from conquered Greek cities and became a center of Hellenistic culture and trade.

Tigranes was decisively defeated by a Roman army under Lucullus at the Battle of Tigranocerta. The Roman victory led to the capture of the capital and the collapse of Tigranes' empire, reducing Armenia to a client kingdom of Rome.

Tigranes submitted to the Roman general Pompey, who confirmed him as king of Armenia proper but stripped him of all conquered territories. Tigranes paid a large indemnity and became a Roman ally, retaining his throne but losing his empire.