Leopold II vs Shahu of Kolhapur

Leopold II, as Grand Duke of Tuscany, implemented a series of enlightened reforms, including the abolition of torture and the death penalty, the introduction of a liberal penal code, and the promotion of free trade. Tuscany became a model of enlightened absolutism.

Leopold II succeeded his brother Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor in 1790. He reversed some of Joseph's radical reforms to appease the nobility and clergy, stabilizing the Habsburg monarchy after a period of unrest.

Leopold II, together with King Frederick William II of Prussia, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, calling for European powers to intervene in France to restore Louis XVI's authority. This declaration escalated tensions with revolutionary France and contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Shahu Maharaj became a prominent patron of the non-Brahmin movement in Maharashtra. He provided financial and political support to leaders like Mahatma Jyotirao Phule and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, advocating for the rights of lower castes.

Shahu Maharaj introduced a system of reserved seats in government jobs and educational institutions for non-Brahmin communities, particularly Marathas and other backward castes. This was a pioneering affirmative action policy in India.

Shahu Maharaj initiated a modern piped water supply system for Kolhapur city, drawing water from the Panchganga River. This project improved public health and sanitation in the state capital.

Shahu Maharaj established Rajaram College in Kolhapur specifically to provide higher education to students from non-Brahmin and backward communities. The college became a center for social reform and education.

Shahu Maharaj introduced compulsory primary education in Kolhapur state, one of the first such acts in India. The law mandated free education for all children, regardless of caste, and established a network of schools.