Mavura Mhande vs Savang Vatthana

Mavura Mhande was installed as Mutapa emperor by Portuguese authorities after they deposed his predecessor. He signed a treaty recognizing Portuguese suzerainty, allowing Portuguese garrisons in Mutapa territory and granting them control over gold mines.

Mavura Mhande formally ceded control of the Mutapa gold mines to the Portuguese crown in a treaty signed at the capital. This transfer of economic resources enriched Portuguese traders and weakened Mutapa's traditional power base.

Savang Vatthana became king of Laos following the death of his father Sisavang Vong. He inherited a kingdom already embroiled in civil war between the royal government, neutralists, and the communist Pathet Lao. His reign was marked by political instability and foreign intervention.

Savang Vatthana endorsed the Vientiane Agreement, a ceasefire accord between the royal government and the Pathet Lao. The agreement established a coalition government and temporarily halted fighting in the Laotian Civil War, but failed to resolve the underlying political conflict.

Following the Pathet Lao's military victory, Savang Vatthana abdicated the throne on December 2, 1975. The Lao People's Democratic Republic was proclaimed, ending 600 years of Lao monarchy. The king was appointed a 'private citizen' and 'adviser' to the new government.

Savang Vatthana, along with his family, was sent to a communist re-education camp in Houaphan Province. He died there in 1978 under unclear circumstances, likely from malnutrition and harsh conditions. His death was not officially acknowledged by the Lao government for decades.