Baibars al-Bunduqdari

Baibars led the Mamluk army to a decisive victory over the Mongols at Ain Jalut in Palestine. This battle halted the Mongol advance into the Middle East and established the Mamluk Sultanate as a major power.

Baibars assassinated Sultan Qutuz shortly after the victory at Ain Jalut. He then seized the sultanate, beginning his reign as the most powerful Mamluk ruler and initiating a period of expansion.

Baibars launched a major but unsuccessful siege of Acre, the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although he failed to take the city, he devastated its hinterland and weakened Crusader defenses.

Baibars besieged and captured the Crusader city of Antioch. The city was sacked and its population massacred or enslaved, ending the Principality of Antioch and marking a major blow to the Crusader states.

Baibars subjugated the Nizari Ismaili state (the Assassins) in Syria. He captured their fortresses, including Masyaf, and forced their submission, eliminating a rival power and securing Mamluk control over the region.

Baibars fought a campaign against the Ilkhanate Mongols in Anatolia, defeating them at the Battle of Elbistan. He expanded Mamluk influence into Anatolia but died shortly after, leaving the region contested.