Casimir IV Jagiellon vs Pepin the Short

Casimir IV Jagiellon intervened in the Prussian Confederation's revolt against the Teutonic Order, starting the Thirteen Years' War. The war ended with the Second Peace of Thorn, which granted Poland direct control over Royal Prussia and made East Prussia a Polish fief.

Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes, which limited royal power by requiring the king to consult the szlachta (nobility) on matters of war and taxation. This strengthened the nobility's political role and laid foundations for the Golden Liberty system.

Casimir IV signed the Second Peace of Thorn with the Teutonic Order, ending the Thirteen Years' War. Poland annexed Pomerelia, Che

Casimir IV fought the War of the Priests against the Teutonic Order and the Bishop of Warmia over control of the bishopric. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Piotrk

Casimir IV's son W

Pepin deposed the last Merovingian king, Childeric III, with the support of Pope Zachary. He was anointed king by Boniface, establishing the Carolingian dynasty and legitimizing his rule through papal approval.

Pepin besieged the Lombard capital of Pavia, forcing King Aistulf to surrender and cede territories. This campaign secured Frankish dominance in Italy and fulfilled Pepin's alliance with the papacy.

Pepin granted the Pope control over territories in central Italy, including Ravenna and the Pentapolis, after defeating the Lombards. This created the Papal States and established the temporal power of the papacy.