Christian IV vs Umberto II of Italy

After a fire destroyed Oslo, Christian IV ordered the city rebuilt on a new site and renamed it Christiania. He designed the new city with a grid plan and Renaissance architecture, which became the foundation of modern Oslo, Norway's capital.

Christian IV led Denmark-Norway into the Thirty Years' War as a Protestant champion. His campaign ended in disaster after defeat by Imperial forces under Albrecht von Wallenstein at the Battle of Lutter (1626), leading to Danish occupation and loss of territory.

Christian IV signed the Treaty of L

Christian IV commissioned the construction of the Round Tower in Copenhagen as an astronomical observatory. Part of the Trinitatis Complex, it was built to advance scientific knowledge and remains a symbol of his patronage of the arts and sciences.

Umberto II became King of Italy upon his father Victor Emmanuel III's abdication. His reign lasted only 34 days, from May 9 to June 12, 1946, during the constitutional referendum on the monarchy.

Umberto II accepted the results of the referendum that abolished the monarchy in favor of a republic. He went into exile in Portugal, never returning to Italy, ending the Savoy dynasty's rule.

Umberto II settled in Cascais, Portugal, after the monarchy was abolished. He lived there for the rest of his life, never abdicating his claim to the throne, and became a symbolic figure for Italian monarchists.